The Technique

Michael Parkes designs and prints his lithographs in Switzerland. Although many artists have turned to the easier zinc or aluminum plates, Michael Parkes prefers the use of stones. He considers the 160 million year old Solnhofen stones he uses for his lithographs to be an integral part of the creative process.

The process starts with drawing the image on the stone by using a greasy lithographic pencil. This usually takes three to twelve days, depending on the size and complexity of the image. The main problem is that mistakes cannot be erased. Small corrections can be make with a sharp knife, but if major corrections are needed, it is necessary to start again on a new stone.

After the basic design is drawn on the stone, the printer becomes involved. The tradition of master printer is handed down from one generation to the next. The printers Parkes works with were taught by the master that printed Kokoschka, Giacometti and Leger. Questions of composition, color and atmosphere are discussed between printer and artist before the actual printing begins. The initial drawing only gives a suggestion of what the actual lithograph will become. The unpredictability of the process means that the original ideas might have to be changed several times to correct mistakes or to take advantage of "accidents" that look promising.

Once the drawing is on the stone, it needs to be etched onto the surface of the stone to be used for printing. What makes the lithographic process possible is the principle that oil and water do not mix. The etch makes the image more receptive to the ink while the stone remains perfectly flat. But if the stone is not properly prepared and etched the image is either etched away or starts to fill in with the ink after only a short time.

After etching, the color is mixed to begin printing. During the printing, which is done on a Heidelberg press built in 1906, the stone must be kept wet at all times. The ink is controlled in small quantities during printing to maintain a balanced edition. Even though there are numerous techniques for printing a stone lithograph, the traditional approach is to use one litho stone for each color. When printed, the colors and designs are superimposed to complete the finished image. This technique was created primarily for security the last century when large editions were printed.

Michael Parkes uses quite a different process for printing his work. His technique is described by some artists as the "suicide" run, because it relies on only one stone to produce the total image. When the basic design is drawn and each new element is added to the stone, a portion of the original drawing is destroyed. Add to this the fact when printing on wet paper your time is limited, it becomes clear that this technique is not for everyone. Parkes' lithographs can use as many as twelve different colors, and so twelve different printings.

Once the edition is printed, it is dried over four or five days. Parkes signs and numbers each lithograph. Then, the image on the stone is ground away to prepare it for the next artist. This guarantees the limited number of the edition. Some stones have been used for over 100 years and still have enough surface for many years to come. The historical tradition of lithography seems especially clear to Parkes as he works on a stone that has witnessed the passing of time through the work of artists like Whistler, Toulouse Lautrec, Giacometti, Picasso and Wunderlich.

Source: Steltman Editions, 1998

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